![]() Dualistic systems and models are ubiquitous can be found in the natural sciences (physics, biology, chemistry) the social sciences (sociology, political science, economics, etc.), the humanities, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy. ![]() The two terms in modern times are sometimes used interchangeably and is the reason the terms are considere equivalent.ĭualism and duality constructs can be found in almost every scientific and non-scientific discipline and seem to have universal applicability. Duality principles, surprisingly, span a spectrum of disciplines, scientific and non-scientific, and are not restricted to the mind-body problem of philosophy. Duality differs from dualism, however, in that the dichotomous states are mutually interdependent, complementary, and even interchangable. The terms duality and dualism refer to phenomena having a twofold nature and characterized by states that are mutually exclusive. The investigation into the scientific, philosophical, and mathematical associations of these terms are relevant in understanding the contemporary usage of these terms. The terms duality and dualism were originally associated with (1) scientific investigations of Huygens and Newton into the properties of visible light, (2) philosophical ideas of Descartes and especially the mind-body problem, and (3) development of projective geometry by Descargues in the study of projective art. The goal of this website, in the context of modern science, is to provide evidence that all disciplines, scientific as well as non-scientific, have a component which can be characterized as dualistic. This website examines two historical terms, dualism and duality, whose origins have their roots in 16th and 17th centuries in philosophical discourse and geomtric analysis.
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